![]() ![]() At the emperor’s urging, bishops in his realm threatened people who attacked Jews with excommunication. Local marshals dispersed surly mobs hovering around Jewish districts, and Frederick let it be known that anyone who inflicted injury on a Jew would have his hand chopped off. “His timely order not to preach against the Jews, directed to monks and priests, helped, and his warnings to the Diet (Parliament) that anyone convicted of killing Jews would with his own life helped even more. “For German Jewry, The Third Crusade could have raised havoc similar to the first.” That it didn’t was a result of the foresight demonstrated by Frederick. From the Jewish point of view, the untimely drowning was a great loss. ![]() The other two were Phillip Augustus of France and Richard the Lionhearted of England. The German emperor was one of three monarchs leading the crusade. 1190: During the Third Crusade Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ![]()
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